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        小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)又名紅(hong)(hong)頭瘴，爛(lan)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)頭，在(zai)全(quan)國各麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)區都有(you)發生(sheng)(sheng)，以長江中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)(xia)游和東北春(chun)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)區發生(sheng)(sheng)最(zui)重，在(zai)河北省中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南部(bu)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)田(tian)嚴重流行(xing)(xing)。該病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)主要危害(hai)(hai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)，不但影響小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai) 產(chan)量還引(yin)起(qi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)籽粒腐(fu)(fu)敗變(bian)質，該病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun)(jun)分(fen)泌(mi)的(de)(de)毒素還能(neng)使人畜中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般年份可減(jian)產(chan)1—2成，大(da)流行(xing)(xing)年份減(jian)產(chan)5—6成，甚至(zhi)(zhi)絕收，對(dui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)構成嚴重威脅。 一(yi)(yi)(yi)、癥狀特征 赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)主要為害(hai)(hai)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)部(bu)，但在(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)生(sheng)(sheng)長各個階段都能(neng)受(shou)害(hai)(hai)，苗(miao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侵(qin)染引(yin)起(qi)苗(miao)腐(fu)(fu)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侵(qin)染引(yin)起(qi)桿(gan)腐(fu)(fu)和穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)腐(fu)(fu)，尤以穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)腐(fu)(fu)危害(hai)(hai)最(zui)大(da)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般揚(yang)(yang)花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侵(qin)染，灌(guan)漿期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)顯癥，成熟 期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)成災。赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)侵(qin)染初期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)和穎(ying)片(pian)上(shang)(shang)出現水(shui)漬(zi)狀褐(he)斑，后(hou)(hou)(hou)逐漸(jian)擴展到整個小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)，病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)隨即枯黃(huang)，發病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)基(ji)(ji)部(bu)出現粉(fen)紅(hong)(hong)色膠(jiao)質霉(mei)(mei)(mei)層。 二(er)、發生(sheng)(sheng)規律 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)有(you)多種(zhong)鐮刀(dao)菌(jun)(jun)侵(qin)染引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)，赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun)(jun)致病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)能(neng)力極強(qiang)，分(fen)布范圍極廣(guang)。赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun)(jun)在(zai)田(tian)間(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)或玉米秸稈等(deng)作(zuo)物殘(can)體(ti)上(shang)(shang)越夏、越冬，以菌(jun)(jun)絲體(ti)狀態越冬；翌 年春(chun)季形子(zi)囊孢子(zi)，經(jing)氣流傳播(bo)至(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)部(bu)，從凋(diao)萎的(de)(de)花(hua)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)侵(qin)入小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)；小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)不同生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)對(dui)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)菌(jun)(jun)侵(qin)入的(de)(de)難易(yi)(yi)有(you)很大(da)差異，揚(yang)(yang)花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最(zui)易(yi)(yi)感(gan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，抽穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci)之；在(zai)有(you)大(da)量菌(jun)(jun)源 存在(zai)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)抽穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)揚(yang)(yang)花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)若遇3天以上(shang)(shang)連續陰雨(yu)(yu)(yu)，氣溫保持在(zai)15℃以上(shang)(shang)，赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)將大(da)流行(xing)(xing)。 三、防(fang)治方法 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)防(fang)治應本著“選(xuan)用(yong)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)品種(zhong)為基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)防(fang)治為關鍵(jian)(jian)，調(diao)整生(sheng)(sheng)育(yu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)避為害(hai)(hai)” 的(de)(de)綜合(he)防(fang)治策略。 1、選(xuan)用(yong)抗耐病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)品種(zhong)，是(shi)控(kong)制赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)為害(hai)(hai)最(zui)經(jing)濟有(you)效的(de)(de)措施(shi)。赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)區應選(xuan)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)形細長，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)排列(lie)稀疏，抽穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)揚(yang)(yang)花(hua)整齊集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)短，殘(can)留(liu)花(hua)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)少(shao)耐濕性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)的(de)(de)品 種(zhong)。 2、農業防(fang)治。深耕滅茬，清(qing)除(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)殘(can)體(ti)，注意(yi)合(he)理(li)排灌(guan)，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)揚(yang)(yang)花(hua)前后(hou)(hou)(hou)盡(jin)量避免灌(guan)溉，必要時(shi)可澆小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)水(shui)。據當地常年小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)揚(yang)(yang)花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)情(qing)況，適期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)播(bo)種(zhong)，避開揚(yang)(yang)花(hua)多雨(yu)(yu)(yu) 期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。合(he)理(li)施(shi)肥，增(zeng)施(shi)磷鉀肥，促進(jin)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)株健壯，提高(gao)植株抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)力。 3、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)防(fang)治。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)赤(chi)(chi)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)防(fang)治關鍵(jian)(jian)是(shi)抓好抽穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)楊花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)預防(fang)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)掌握(wo)好防(fang)治時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，若抽穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遇到連陰雨(yu)(yu)(yu)，有(you)流行(xing)(xing)可能(neng)時(shi)，噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時(shi)間(jian)寧早勿晚，在(zai)10%小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao) 麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)抽穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)揚(yang)(yang)花(hua)初期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，間(jian)隔5—7天，第二(er)次(ci)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。二(er)是(shi)選(xuan)用(yong)優質防(fang)治藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)。每畝用(yong)50%多菌(jun)(jun)靈可濕性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)(ji)100克或70%甲基(ji)(ji)托布津可濕性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)(ji)50 —75克加(jia)(jia)水(shui)50千克或己(ji)唑醇乳油20毫升(sheng)加(jia)(jia)水(shui)30千克噴(pen)(pen)霧(wu) 。三是(shi)掌握(wo)好用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方法，噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時(shi)要重點對(dui)準小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)穗(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)部(bu)均勻噴(pen)(pen)霧(wu)，如(ru)遇噴(pen)(pen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)下(xia)(xia)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)，則需(xu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)補噴(pen)(pen)。